refactor(scripts): improve `get_native_properties.sh`
Improve `get_native_properties.sh` with a refreshed implementation.
The new version covers all Makefile ARCH variants and keeps the
script interface stable while improving portability and CPU feature
detection across supported platforms. Drop the asset file name to
avoid coupling outputs to a specific artifact naming scheme.
Refs: https://github.com/ppigazzini/get-native-properties (includes a
testing framework)
closes https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/pull/6552
No functional change.